89:@0.904366:0.963104:0.932133:0.963104:0.932133:0.941283:0.904366:0.941283:0.000000:0.000000
Física:@0.840817:0.956142:0.879897:0.956142:0.879897:0.943479:0.840817:0.943479:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
3.º BG:@0.837761:0.967458:0.879897:0.967458:0.879897:0.954794:0.837761:0.954794:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
DUA:@0.748005:0.068322:0.791649:0.068322:0.791649:0.048070:0.748005:0.048070:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
. Representación:@0.791647:0.067693:0.923937:0.067693:0.923937:0.050792:0.791647:0.050792:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
De acuerdo con la segunda ley de la ter-:@0.096359:0.100406:0.410513:0.100406:0.410513:0.084017:0.096359:0.084017:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
modinámica, ninguna máquina puede tra-:@0.096359:0.116753:0.410513:0.116753:0.410513:0.100364:0.096359:0.100364:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
bajar al 100 %. Lo que propuso Carnot es :@0.096359:0.133100:0.414595:0.133100:0.414595:0.116711:0.096359:0.116711:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
tratar de recrear una máquina con la míni-:@0.096359:0.149448:0.410550:0.149448:0.410550:0.133059:0.096359:0.133059:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
ma pérdida de energía posible, intentando :@0.096359:0.165795:0.414549:0.165795:0.414549:0.149406:0.096359:0.149406:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
que sea una máquina más eficiente, es de-:@0.096359:0.182143:0.410513:0.182143:0.410513:0.165754:0.096359:0.165754:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
cir, que evite el proceso irreversible. A esto :@0.096359:0.198490:0.414586:0.198490:0.414586:0.182101:0.096359:0.182101:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
se lo conoce como “el ciclo de Carnot”. Di-:@0.096359:0.214838:0.410480:0.214838:0.410480:0.198449:0.096359:0.198449:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
cho  ciclo  consiste  en  cuatro  pasos:  dos :@0.096359:0.231185:0.414558:0.231185:0.414558:0.214796:0.096359:0.214796:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
procesos isotérmicos y dos adiabáticos. La :@0.096359:0.247532:0.414582:0.247532:0.414582:0.231143:0.096359:0.231143:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
Figura 4.2. muestra  el ciclo de Carnot :@0.096359:0.263880:0.414593:0.263880:0.414593:0.247491:0.096359:0.247491:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
detalladamente.:@0.096359:0.280227:0.215400:0.280227:0.215400:0.263838:0.096359:0.263838:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
El proceso es el siguiente::@0.096359:0.327167:0.283562:0.327167:0.283562:0.310778:0.096359:0.310778:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
1.:@0.096359:0.357774:0.110585:0.357774:0.110585:0.340873:0.096359:0.340873:0.000000:0.000000
  El gas se expande isotérmicamente a temperatura t , absorbiendo calor Q  (a b).:@0.110585:0.357774:0.709480:0.357747:0.709480:0.341358:0.110585:0.341385:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
c :@0.492124:0.360911:0.499161:0.360911:0.499161:0.351356:0.492124:0.351356:0.000000:0.000000
c:@0.652167:0.360911:0.656958:0.360911:0.656958:0.351356:0.652167:0.351356:0.000000
→:@0.673583:0.358425:0.691771:0.358425:0.691771:0.342852:0.673583:0.342852:0.000000
2.:@0.096356:0.384786:0.110582:0.384786:0.110582:0.367885:0.096356:0.367885:0.000000:0.000000
  El gas se expande adiabáticamente hasta que su temperatura baja a t  (b c).:@0.110582:0.384786:0.688335:0.384784:0.688335:0.368395:0.110582:0.368397:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
f:@0.631933:0.387948:0.634748:0.387948:0.634748:0.378393:0.631933:0.378393:0.000000
→:@0.653839:0.385462:0.672027:0.385462:0.672027:0.369889:0.653839:0.369889:0.000000
3.:@0.096366:0.411823:0.110592:0.411823:0.110592:0.394922:0.096366:0.394922:0.000000:0.000000
  El gas se comprime isotérmicamente a tf , expulsando calor Q  (c d).:@0.110592:0.411823:0.632409:0.411820:0.632409:0.395431:0.110592:0.395434:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
f:@0.576228:0.414984:0.579043:0.414984:0.579043:0.405429:0.576228:0.405429:0.000000
→:@0.596106:0.412498:0.614294:0.412498:0.614294:0.396925:0.596106:0.396925:0.000000
4.:@0.096367:0.438858:0.110593:0.438858:0.110593:0.421958:0.096367:0.421958:0.000000:0.000000
  El gas se comprime adiabáticamente hasta su estado inicial a temperatura T  :@0.110593:0.438858:0.716539:0.438857:0.716539:0.422468:0.110593:0.422469:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
c:@0.707713:0.442021:0.712504:0.442021:0.712504:0.432466:0.707713:0.432466:0.000000
(d a).:@0.124846:0.455205:0.174325:0.455205:0.174325:0.438816:0.124846:0.438816:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
→:@0.139681:0.455882:0.157869:0.455882:0.157869:0.440309:0.139681:0.440309:0.000000
Como sabemos, en procesos isotérmicos (entre a y b, c y d), la energía interna   es :@0.096357:0.498590:0.716573:0.498590:0.716573:0.482201:0.096357:0.482201:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
U:@0.680731:0.498590:0.691787:0.498590:0.691787:0.482229:0.680731:0.482229:0.000000
igual a 0 y   =  . Como el sistema se encuentra a una presión constante, :@0.096357:0.514938:0.637778:0.514938:0.637778:0.498549:0.096357:0.498549:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
Q:@0.176407:0.514938:0.188293:0.514938:0.188293:0.498576:0.176407:0.498576:0.000000
T:@0.208600:0.514938:0.216727:0.514938:0.216727:0.498576:0.208600:0.498576:0.000000
T = pV:@0.638404:0.514938:0.683571:0.514938:0.683571:0.498576:0.638404:0.498576:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
. De :@0.683571:0.514938:0.716445:0.514938:0.716445:0.498549:0.683571:0.498549:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
acuerdo con la ecuación de estado de los gases, :@0.096357:0.531285:0.452558:0.531285:0.452558:0.514896:0.096357:0.514896:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
pΔV:@0.452558:0.531285:0.481471:0.531285:0.481471:0.514924:0.452558:0.514924:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
 = :@0.481471:0.531285:0.500525:0.531285:0.500525:0.514896:0.481471:0.514896:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
nRt:@0.500525:0.531285:0.524813:0.531285:0.524813:0.514924:0.500525:0.514924:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
, resultando   = :@0.524813:0.531285:0.641773:0.531285:0.641773:0.514896:0.524813:0.514896:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
T:@0.614592:0.531285:0.622719:0.531285:0.622719:0.514924:0.614592:0.514924:0.000000
nRt:@0.641773:0.531285:0.666061:0.531285:0.666061:0.514924:0.641773:0.514924:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
.:@0.666061:0.531285:0.669267:0.531285:0.669267:0.514896:0.666061:0.514896:0.000000
Para el proceso isotérmico de gases::@0.096357:0.578225:0.360110:0.578225:0.360110:0.561836:0.096357:0.561836:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
Q:@0.331759:0.616520:0.341368:0.616520:0.341368:0.603206:0.331759:0.603206:0.000000
T:@0.364994:0.616520:0.372922:0.616520:0.372922:0.603206:0.364994:0.603206:0.000000
nRt:@0.399585:0.616520:0.419302:0.616520:0.419302:0.603206:0.399585:0.603206:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
V:@0.440592:0.609098:0.449283:0.609098:0.449283:0.595784:0.440592:0.595784:0.000000
V:@0.440592:0.625626:0.449283:0.625626:0.449283:0.612312:0.440592:0.612312:0.000000
ln:@0.423071:0.616427:0.433771:0.616427:0.433771:0.603090:0.423071:0.603090:0.000000:0.000000
,:@0.462630:0.616427:0.464857:0.616427:0.464857:0.603090:0.462630:0.603090:0.000000
c:@0.341936:0.618466:0.345632:0.618466:0.345632:0.609994:0.341936:0.609994:0.000000
ab:@0.372243:0.618466:0.381520:0.618466:0.381520:0.609994:0.372243:0.609994:0.000000:0.000000
b:@0.447933:0.611028:0.452700:0.611028:0.452700:0.602556:0.447933:0.602556:0.000000
a:@0.448151:0.627571:0.452769:0.627571:0.452769:0.619099:0.448151:0.619099:0.000000
=:@0.353041:0.616018:0.361591:0.616018:0.361591:0.601699:0.353041:0.601699:0.000000
=:@0.385136:0.616018:0.393687:0.616018:0.393687:0.601699:0.385136:0.601699:0.000000
donde Q  es el calor que entra, n es el número de moles, el logaritmo natural es la re-:@0.096359:0.661015:0.712514:0.661015:0.712514:0.644626:0.096359:0.644626:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
c:@0.161233:0.664178:0.166024:0.664178:0.166024:0.654624:0.161233:0.654624:0.000000
lación entre volumen final (V ) e inicial (V ), y   es la constante universal de los gases. :@0.096367:0.677362:0.716598:0.677360:0.716598:0.660971:0.096367:0.660973:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
b:@0.307128:0.680523:0.313058:0.680523:0.313058:0.670968:0.307128:0.670968:0.000000
a:@0.395870:0.680523:0.400747:0.680523:0.400747:0.670968:0.395870:0.670968:0.000000
R:@0.425054:0.677360:0.434010:0.677360:0.434010:0.660998:0.425054:0.660998:0.000000
En el caso de c a d, lo que está a la izquierda de   tendrá signo negativo, debido a :@0.096361:0.693707:0.716578:0.693707:0.716578:0.677318:0.096361:0.677318:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
T:@0.461209:0.693707:0.469336:0.693707:0.469336:0.677346:0.461209:0.677346:0.000000
que este es calor que sale. Haciendo relación entre el calor que sale con el que entra, :@0.096361:0.710054:0.716615:0.710054:0.716615:0.693666:0.096361:0.693666:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
la eficiencia del ciclo de Carnot será igual a: :@0.096361:0.726402:0.416574:0.726402:0.416574:0.710013:0.096361:0.710013:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
e:@0.370060:0.774671:0.375553:0.774671:0.375553:0.762474:0.370060:0.762474:0.000000
T:@0.409055:0.766425:0.416318:0.766425:0.416318:0.754228:0.409055:0.754228:0.000000
T:@0.409697:0.783002:0.416960:0.783002:0.416960:0.770805:0.409697:0.770805:0.000000
1:@0.391504:0.774585:0.397797:0.774585:0.397797:0.762367:0.391504:0.762367:0.000000
.:@0.424421:0.774585:0.426462:0.774585:0.426462:0.762367:0.424421:0.762367:0.000000
f:@0.417161:0.768194:0.419186:0.768194:0.419186:0.760432:0.417161:0.760432:0.000000
c:@0.416353:0.784774:0.419739:0.784774:0.419739:0.777012:0.416353:0.777012:0.000000
= −:@0.378247:0.774210:0.403969:0.774210:0.403969:0.761092:0.378247:0.761092:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
Como el ciclo de Carnot es reversible, se lo puede considerar como un refrigerador, :@0.096359:0.825522:0.716632:0.825522:0.716632:0.809134:0.096359:0.809134:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
con el siguiente rendimiento::@0.096359:0.841870:0.311203:0.841870:0.311203:0.825481:0.096359:0.825481:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
K:@0.304695:0.889043:0.314224:0.889043:0.314224:0.873958:0.304695:0.873958:0.000000
Q:@0.336882:0.878858:0.347770:0.878858:0.347770:0.863774:0.336882:0.863774:0.000000
T:@0.340994:0.899360:0.349975:0.899360:0.349975:0.884275:0.340994:0.884275:0.000000
Q:@0.395679:0.878858:0.406567:0.878858:0.406567:0.863774:0.395679:0.863774:0.000000
Q:@0.379692:0.899360:0.390580:0.899360:0.390580:0.884275:0.379692:0.884275:0.000000
Q:@0.411685:0.899360:0.422572:0.899360:0.422572:0.884275:0.411685:0.884275:0.000000
T:@0.468223:0.878858:0.477205:0.878858:0.477205:0.863774:0.468223:0.863774:0.000000
T:@0.454088:0.899359:0.463070:0.899359:0.463070:0.884274:0.454088:0.884274:0.000000
T:@0.482357:0.899359:0.491339:0.899359:0.491339:0.884274:0.482357:0.884274:0.000000
:@0.350215:0.881041:0.355324:0.881041:0.355324:0.871442:0.350215:0.871442:0.000000
c:@0.391225:0.901546:0.395413:0.901546:0.395413:0.891947:0.391225:0.891947:0.000000
f:@0.425014:0.901546:0.427518:0.901546:0.427518:0.891947:0.425014:0.891947:0.000000
f:@0.478253:0.881041:0.480757:0.881041:0.480757:0.871442:0.478253:0.871442:0.000000
c:@0.462307:0.901546:0.466495:0.901546:0.466495:0.891947:0.462307:0.891947:0.000000
f:@0.492390:0.901546:0.494895:0.901546:0.494895:0.891947:0.492390:0.891947:0.000000
=:@0.318117:0.888474:0.327805:0.888474:0.327805:0.872250:0.318117:0.872250:0.000000
=:@0.360094:0.888474:0.369782:0.888474:0.369782:0.872250:0.360094:0.872250:0.000000
−:@0.397737:0.898791:0.407425:0.898791:0.407425:0.882567:0.397737:0.882567:0.000000
=:@0.435730:0.888474:0.445418:0.888474:0.445418:0.872250:0.435730:0.872250:0.000000
−:@0.468817:0.898791:0.478504:0.898791:0.478504:0.882567:0.468817:0.882567:0.000000
La fuente de temperatura :@0.755006:0.525315:0.929079:0.525315:0.929079:0.510416:0.755006:0.510416:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
de una máquina de :@0.755006:0.539146:0.889025:0.539146:0.889025:0.524247:0.755006:0.524247:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
Carnot se encuentra a 700 :@0.755006:0.552976:0.933369:0.552976:0.933369:0.538077:0.755006:0.538077:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
K, adquiere 500 J y :@0.755006:0.566806:0.881854:0.566806:0.881854:0.551907:0.755006:0.551907:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
expulsa 200 J a la fuente :@0.755006:0.580637:0.920533:0.580637:0.920533:0.565738:0.755006:0.565738:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
de menor temperatura. :@0.755006:0.594467:0.914303:0.594467:0.914303:0.579568:0.755006:0.579568:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
¿Qué cantidad de trabajo :@0.755006:0.611855:0.927204:0.611855:0.927204:0.596956:0.755006:0.596956:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
realiza?, ¿cuál es la :@0.755006:0.625686:0.880314:0.625686:0.880314:0.610787:0.755006:0.610787:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
temperatura de la fuente :@0.755006:0.639516:0.925123:0.639516:0.925123:0.624617:0.755006:0.624617:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
fría?:@0.755006:0.653346:0.781944:0.653346:0.781944:0.638447:0.755006:0.638447:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
Calcula la eficiencia de la :@0.755006:0.670735:0.923736:0.670735:0.923736:0.655836:0.755006:0.655836:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
máquina.:@0.755006:0.684565:0.817308:0.684565:0.817308:0.669666:0.755006:0.669666:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
e:@0.762590:0.724172:0.769374:0.724172:0.769374:0.709109:0.762590:0.709109:0.000000
Q:@0.810799:0.715867:0.821671:0.715867:0.821671:0.700804:0.810799:0.700804:0.000000
Q:@0.810570:0.734434:0.821441:0.734434:0.821441:0.719371:0.810570:0.719371:0.000000
e:@0.762590:0.763395:0.769374:0.763395:0.769374:0.748332:0.762590:0.748332:0.000000
J:@0.842832:0.755130:0.846533:0.755130:0.846533:0.740067:0.842832:0.740067:0.000000
J:@0.842656:0.773670:0.846356:0.773670:0.846356:0.758608:0.842656:0.758608:0.000000
e:@0.762590:0.802486:0.769374:0.802486:0.769374:0.787423:0.762590:0.787423:0.000000
T:@0.792562:0.794221:0.801531:0.794221:0.801531:0.779158:0.792562:0.779158:0.000000
Q:@0.789478:0.812761:0.800350:0.812761:0.800350:0.797699:0.789478:0.797699:0.000000
T:@0.841987:0.802486:0.850955:0.802486:0.850955:0.787423:0.841987:0.787423:0.000000
e Q:@0.871536:0.802486:0.895799:0.802486:0.895799:0.787423:0.871536:0.787423:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
T:@0.761866:0.834026:0.770835:0.834026:0.770835:0.818963:0.761866:0.818963:0.000000
J:@0.851113:0.834026:0.854813:0.834026:0.854813:0.818963:0.851113:0.818963:0.000000
J:@0.905947:0.834026:0.909647:0.834026:0.909647:0.818963:0.905947:0.818963:0.000000
e:@0.762607:0.854590:0.769391:0.854590:0.769391:0.839527:0.762607:0.839527:0.000000
1:@0.787381:0.724053:0.795151:0.724053:0.795151:0.708964:0.787381:0.708964:0.000000
1:@0.787381:0.763276:0.795151:0.763276:0.795151:0.748187:0.787381:0.748187:0.000000
200:@0.810587:0.755011:0.833757:0.755011:0.833757:0.739922:0.810587:0.739922:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
500:@0.810410:0.773551:0.833581:0.773551:0.833581:0.758462:0.810410:0.758462:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
0,6:@0.867165:0.763276:0.888239:0.763276:0.888239:0.748187:0.867165:0.748187:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
0,6 500:@0.791416:0.833907:0.842003:0.833907:0.842003:0.818818:0.791416:0.818818:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
300:@0.873667:0.833907:0.896837:0.833907:0.896837:0.818818:0.873667:0.818818:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
0,6 100%:@0.788456:0.854471:0.850197:0.854471:0.850197:0.839382:0.788456:0.839382:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
60%:@0.869297:0.854471:0.896274:0.854471:0.896274:0.839382:0.869297:0.839382:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
s:@0.822470:0.717883:0.825842:0.717883:0.825842:0.709175:0.822470:0.709175:0.000000
e:@0.822042:0.736445:0.825964:0.736445:0.825964:0.727737:0.822042:0.727737:0.000000
e:@0.800935:0.814756:0.804857:0.814756:0.804857:0.806048:0.800935:0.806048:0.000000
e:@0.896374:0.804496:0.900296:0.804496:0.900296:0.795788:0.896374:0.795788:0.000000
= −:@0.771847:0.723603:0.803455:0.723603:0.803455:0.707403:0.771847:0.707403:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
= −:@0.771847:0.762826:0.803455:0.762826:0.803455:0.746627:0.771847:0.746627:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
=:@0.850539:0.762826:0.860213:0.762826:0.860213:0.746627:0.850539:0.746627:0.000000
=:@0.771847:0.801917:0.781521:0.801917:0.781521:0.785718:0.771847:0.785718:0.000000
=:@0.854077:0.801917:0.863751:0.801917:0.863751:0.785718:0.854077:0.785718:0.000000
=:@0.774790:0.833457:0.784463:0.833457:0.784463:0.817257:0.774790:0.817257:0.000000
=:@0.856597:0.833457:0.866270:0.833457:0.866270:0.817257:0.856597:0.817257:0.000000
=:@0.771847:0.854021:0.781521:0.854021:0.781521:0.837821:0.771847:0.837821:0.000000
=:@0.851875:0.854021:0.861548:0.854021:0.861548:0.837821:0.851875:0.837821:0.000000
La eficiencia es del 60 %:@0.755006:0.886874:0.914992:0.886874:0.914992:0.871975:0.755006:0.871975:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
Ejercicio propuesto  :@0.756832:0.485959:0.909694:0.485959:0.909694:0.469059:0.756832:0.469059:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
y resuelto:@0.790869:0.499790:0.865061:0.499790:0.865061:0.482889:0.790869:0.482889:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
Q:@0.840281:0.179159:0.847628:0.179159:0.847628:0.169230:0.840281:0.169230:0.000000
c:@0.847627:0.181047:0.850339:0.181047:0.850339:0.175258:0.847627:0.175258:0.000000
Figura 4.2. Ciclo de Carnot.:@0.730787:0.353548:0.889637:0.353548:0.889637:0.340139:0.730787:0.340139:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000
©Archivo editorial:@0.943213:0.320432:0.943213:0.266246:0.931302:0.266246:0.931302:0.320432:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000:0.000000